Figures of Speech
*
by E.W.
Bullinger
Systematically Classified
PART ONE - Figures
Involving Omission
1.
Affecting words
2. Affecting the sense |
PART TWO - Figures
Involving Addition
1.
Affecting words
2. Affecting the sense, by way of
Repetition
Amplification
Description
Conclusion
Interposition
Reasoning
|
PART THREE - Figures
Involving Change
1. Affecting the meaning and usage of words
2. Affecting
the order and arrangement of words
3. Affecting
the application of words, as to
Sense
Persons
Subject-matter
Time
Feeling
Reasoning
|
- AFFECTING WORDS
- El-lips'-is; or, Omission When a gap is purposely
left in a sentence through the omissiion of some word or words.
- Absolute Ellipsis. Where the omitted word or words are to be
supplied from the nature of the subject.
- Noun and Pronouns (Genesis 14:19,20. Psalm 21:12).
- Verbs and participles (Genesis 26:7. Psalm 4:2).
- Certain connected words in the same member of a passage
(Genesis 25:32. Matthew 25:9). Called Brachyology.
- A whole clause in a connected passage (Genesis 30:27. 1Timothy
1:3,4).
- Relative Ellipsis.
- Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a cognate word
in the context (Psalm 76:11).
- Where the omitted word is to be supplied from a related or
contrary word (Genesis 33:10. Psalm 7:11).
- Where the omitted word is to be supplied from analogous or
related words (Genesis 50:23. Isaiah 38:12).
- Where the omitted word is contained in another word, the one
word comprising the two significations (Genesis 43:33).
- Ellipsis of Repitition.
- Simple; where the Ellipsis is to be supplied from a preceding
or a succeding clause (Genesis 1:30. 2Corinthians 6:16).
- Complex; where the two clauses are mutually involed, and the
Ellipsis in the former clause is to be supplied from the latter;
and, at the same time, an Ellipsis in the latter clause it be
supplied from the former (Hebrews 12:20).
- Zeug'-ma; or, Unequal Yoke When one verb is yoked on
to two subjects, while grammatically a second verb is required.
- Proto-zeugma, or, Ante-yoke or Fore-yoke (Genesis 4:20. 1Timothy
4:3).
- Meso-zeugma, or, Middle yoke (Luke 1:64).
- Hypo-zeugma, or End yoke (Acts 4:27,28).
- Syne-zeugmenon, or, Joint yoke (Exodus 20:18).
- A-syn'-de-ton; or, No-Ands (Mark 7:21-23. Luke
14:13). The usual conjunction is omitted, so that the point to be
emphasised may be quickly reached and ended with an emphatic climax
(compare to Polysyndeton, and Luke 14:21).
- Aph-aer'-e-sis; or, Front Cut (Jeremiah 22:24). The
cutting off of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word.
- APOCOPE: or, End-Cut.
- AFFECTING THE SENSE.
- Ap-o-si-opes'-is; or, Sudden Silence It may be
associated with:-
- Some great promise (Exodus 32:32).
- Anger and threatening (Genesis 3:22).
- Grief and complaint (Genesis 25:22. Psalm 6:3).
- Inquiry and deprecation (John 6:62).
- Mei-o'-sis; or a Belittleing (Genesis 18:27. Numbers
13:33). A belittleing of one thing to magnify another.
- Ta-pei-no'-sis; or, Demeaning (Genesis 27:44. Romans
4:19). The lessoning of a thing in order to increase and intensify
that same thing. (Compare Meiosis.)
- Cat-a'-bas-is; or, Gradual Descent (Philippians
2:6-8). The opposite of Anabasis. Used to emphasise humiliation,
sorrow, etc.
- Syl'-lo-gis'-mus; or, Omission of the Conclusion
(1Samuel 17:4-7). The conclusion, though implied, is unexpressed, in
order to add emphasis to it.
- En'-thy-me-ma; or, Omission of Premiss (Matthew
27:19). Where the conclusion is stated, and one or both of the
premisses are omitted.
- AFFECTING WORDS
- Repetition of Letters and Syllables
- Ho-moe-o-pro'-pher-on; or, Alliteration (Judges
5). The repetiton of the same letter or syllable at commencement of
successive words.
- Ho'-moe-o-tel-eu'-ton; or, Like Endings (Mark
12:30). The repetition of the same letters or syllables at the end
of successive words. Used also of an omision in the text caused by
such-like endings: the scribe's eye going back to the latter of such
similar words, instead of the former. See Joshua 2:1.
- Ho-moe-o'-pto-ton; or, Like Inflections (2Timothy
3:2,3). Similar endings arising from the same inflection of verbs,
nouns, etc. . This figure belongs peculiarly to the original
languages.
- Par'-o-moe-o'-sis; or, Like-Sounding Inflections
(Matthew 11:17). The repetition of inflections similar in sound.
- Ac-ro'-stichion; or, Acrostic (Psalm 119).
Repetition of the same or successive letters at the beginnings of
words or clauses.
- The Repetition of the Same Word
- Ep'-i-zeux'-is; or, Duplication (Genesis 22:11.
Psalm 77:16). The repetition of the same word in the same sense.
- An-a'-pho-ra; or, Like Sentence Beginnings
(Deuteronomy 28:3-6). The repetition of the same word at the
beginning of successive sentences.
- Ep'-an-a-leps'is; or, Resumption (1Corinthians
10:29. Philippians 1:24). The repetition of the same word after a
break or parenthesis.
- Po'ly-syn'de-ton; or, Many Ands (Genesis 22:9,11.
Joshua 7:24. Luke 14:21). The repetition of the word "and" at the
beginning of successive clauses, each independent, important, and
emphatic, with no climax at the end (Compare Aysndeton and Luke
14:13).
- Par'-a-di-a'-stol-e; or, Neithers and Nors (Exodus
20:10. Romans 8:35,38,39). The repetition of the disjunctives
niether and nor, or, either and or.
- Ep-i-stro-phe; or, Like Sentence-Endings (Genesis
13:6. Psalm 24:10). The repetition of the same word or words at the
end of successive sentences.
- Ep-i'-pho-za; or, Epistrophe in Argument
(2Corinthians 11:22). The repetition of the same word or words at
the end of successive sentences used in argument.
- Ep'-an-a-di-plo'-sis; or, Encircling (Genesis 9:3.
Psalm 27:14). The repetition of the same word or words at the
beginning and end of a sentence.
- Ep-a-dip'-lo-sis; or, Double Encircling (Psalm
47:6). Repeated Epanadiplosis (see above).
- An'-a-di-plo'-sis; or, Like Sentence Endings and
Beginnings (Genesis 1:1,2. Psalm 121:1,2). The word or words
concluding one sentence are repeated at the beginning of another.
- Climax; or, Gradation (2Peter 1:5-7). Anadiplosis
repeated in successive sentences (see "Anadiplosis",
above).
- Mes-ar-chi'-a; or, Beginning and Middle Repetition
(Ecclesiastes 1:2). The repetition of the same word or words at the
beginning and middle of successive sentences.
- Mes-o-di-plo'-sis; or, Middle Repetition
(2Corinthians 4:8,9). The repetition of the same word or words in
the middle of successive sentences.
- Mes-o-tel-eu'-ton; or, Middle and End Repetition
(2Kings 19:7). The repetition of the same word or words in the
middle and at the end of successive sentences.
- Repetitio; or, Repetition (2Chronicles 20:35-37.
John 14:1-4). Repetition of the same word or words irregularly in
the same passage.
- Po-ly-pto'-ton; or, Many Inflections The
repetition of the same part of speech in different inflections.
- Verbs (Genesis 50:24. 2Kings 21:13).
- Nouns and pronouns (Genesis 9:25. Romans 11:36).
- Adjectives (2Corinthians 9:8).
- ANTANACLASIS: or, Word-Clashing, and
- Plok'-e; or, Word-Folding (Jeremiah 34:17). The
repetition of the same word in a different sense, implying more than
the first use of it.
- Syn'-oe-cei-o'-sis; or, Cohabitation (Matthew
19:16,17). The repetition of the same word in the same sentence with
an extended meaning.
- Syl-leps'-is(1); or, Combination (2Chronicles
31:8). The repetition of the sense without the repetition of the
word.
- The Repetition of Different Words
- In a similar order (but same sense).
- Sym'-plo-ke; or, Interwining (1Corinthians
15:42-44). The repetition of different words in successive
sentences in the same order and the same sense.
- In a different order (but same sense).
- Ep-an'-od-os; or, Inversion (Genesis 10:1-31.
Isaiah 6:10). The repetition of the same word or words in an
inverse order, the sense being unchanged.
- Ant-i-me-tab'-o-le; or, Counterchange (Genesis
4:4,5. Isaiah 5:20). A word or words repeated in a revers order,
with the object of opposing them to one another.
- Similar in sound, but different in sense.
- Par-eg'-men-on; or, Derivation (Matthew 16:18).
The repetition of words derived from the same root.
- Par-o-no-ma'-si-a: or, Rhyming Words (Genesis
18:27). The repetition of words similar in sound, but not
necessarily in sense.
- Par-e-che'-sis; or, Foreign Paronomasia (Romans
15:4). The repetition of words similar in sound, but different in
language.
- Different in sound, but similar in sense
- Syn-o-ny-mi-a; or, Synonymous Words (Proverbs
4:14,15). The repetition of words similar in sense, but different
in sound and origin.
- Repeated Negation; or Many Noes (John 10:28).
The repetition of divers negatives.
- The Repetition of Sentences and
Phrases
- Cy-clo-id'-es; or, Circular Repetition (Psalm
80:3,7,19). The repetition of the same phrase at regular intervals.
- Am-oe-bae'-on; or, Refrain (Psalm 136). The
repetition of the same phrase at the end successive paragraphs.
- Coe'-no-tes; or, Combined Repetition (Psalm
118:8,9). The repetition of two different phrases, one at the
beginning, and the other at the end of successive paragraphs.
- Ep-i'-bo-le; or, Overlaid Repetition (Psalm
29:3,4,5,7,8,9). The repetition of the same phrase at irregular
intervals.
- SYNANTESIS: or, Introverted Repetition.
- The Repetition of Subjects
- Parallelism; or Parallel Lines The repetition of
similar, synonymous, or opposite thoughts or words in parallel or
successive lines. Compare to "Correspondence".
- Simple synonymous, or gradational.
When the lines are parallel in thought, and in the use of
synonymous words (Genesis 4:23,24. Psalm 1:1).
- Simple antithetic, or opposite. When the words
are contrasted in the two or more lines, being opposed in sense
the one to the other (Proverbs 10:1).
- Simple synthetic, or constructive. When the
parallelism consists only in the similar form of construction
(Psalm 19:7-9).
- Complex alternate. When the lines are placed
alternately (Genesis 19:25. Proverbs 24:19,20).
- Complex repeated alternation. The repetition of
two parallel subjects in several lines (Isaiah 65:21,22).
- Complex extended alternation. Alternation
extended so as to consist of three or more lines (Judges 10:17).
- Complex introversion. When the parallel lines
are so placed that the first corresponds with the last, the second
with the last but one, etc. (Genesis 3:19. 2Chronicles 32:7,8).
- Correspondence. This term is applied to repetition of a
subject or subjects, which reappear in varying order, thus determing
the "Structure" of any portion of the Sacred Text.
This Correspondence is found in the folowing forms:-
- Alternate. Where the subjects of the alternate members
correspond with each other, either by way of similarity or
contrast.
- Extended. Where there are two series, but each consisting of
several members (Psalm 72:2-17. Psalm 132.).
- Repeated. Where there are more than two series of subjects,
either consisting of two members each (Psalm 26. Psalm 145.), or
consisting of more than two members each (Psalm 24).
- Introverted. Where the first subject of the one series of
members corresponds with the last subject of the second (Genesis
43:3-5. Leviticus 14:51,52).
- Complex or Combined. Where both Alternation and Introversion
are combined together in various ways (Exodus 20:8-11. Psalm 105).
- AFFECTING THE SENSE (Figures of
Rhetoric)
- REPETIO; or, REPETITON
(2Chronicles 20:35-37. John 14:1-4). Repetition of the same
word or words irregularly in the same passage.
- Pros-a-po'-do-sis; or, Detailing (John 16:8-11). A
return to previous words or subjects for purposes of definition or
explanation.
- EPIDIEGESIS: or, Re-Statement.
- EPEXEGESIS: or, Fuller Explaining.
- Ex-er-gas'-i-a; or Working Out (Zechariah
6:12,13). A repetition so as to work out or illustrate what has
already been said.
- Ep'-i-mo-ne; or, Lingering (John 21:15-17).
Repetition in order to dwell upon, for the sake of impressing.
- Her-men'-ei-a; or, Interpretation (John 7:39). An
explanation immediately following a statement to make it more clear.
- Bat-to-log'-i-a; or, Vain Repetition (1Kings
18:26). Not used by the Holy Spirit: only by man.
- AMPLIFICATIO
- Ple'-on-asm; or, Redundancy Where what is said is,
immediately after, put in another or opposite way to make it
impossible for the sense to be missed.
The Figure
may affect (1) words (Genesis 16:8); or (2) sentences (Genesis 1:20.
Deuteronomy 32:6).
- Per-i'-phras-is; or, Circumlocution (Genesis
20:16. Judges 5:10). When a description is used instead of the name.
- Hy-per'-bo-le; or Exaggeration (Genesis 41:47.
Deuteronomy 1:28). When more is said than is literally meant.
- An-ab'-a-sis; or, Gradual Ascent (Psalm 18:37,38).
An increase of emphasis or sense in successive sentences.
- Cat-a'-bas-is; or, Gradual Descent (Philippians
2:6-8). The opposite of Anabasis. Used to emphasise humiliation,
sorrow, etc.
- Me-ris'-mos; or, Distribution (Romans 2:6-8). An
enumeration of the parts of a whole which has been just previously
mentioned.
- Syn'-ath-roes'-mos; or, Enumeration (1Timothy
4:1-3). The enumeration of the parts of a whole which has not been
mentioned.
- Ep'-i-troch-as'-mos; or Summarising (Hebrews
11:32). A running lightly over by way of summary.
- Di-ex'-od-os; or, Expansion (Jude 12,13). A
lengthening out by copious exposition of facts.
- Ep-i'-the-ton; or, Epithet (Genesis 21:16. Luke
22:41). The naming of a thing by describing it.
- Syn'-the-ton; or, Combination (Genesis 18:27). A
placing together of two words by usage.
- HORISMOS: or, Definition.
- DESCRIPTIO
- Hy'-po-ty-po'-sis; or, Word Picture (Isaiah
5:26-30). Representation of objects or actions by words.
- Pros'-o-po-graph'-i-a; or, Description of Persons
(Matthew 3:4). A vivid description of a person by detailed
delineation.
- EFFICTIO: or, Word-Portrait
- CHARACTERISMOS: or, Description of Character
- Eth'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Description of Manners
(Isaiah 3:16). A description of a person's peculiarities as to
manners, caprices, habits, etc..
- Path'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Pathos (Luke 19:41,42). The
expression of feeling or emotion.
- Mi-me-sis; or, Description of Sayings (Exodus
15:9). Used when the sayings and etc., of another are described or
imitated by way of emphasis.
- Prag'-mato-graph-i-a; or Description of Actions
(Joel 2:1-11).
- Chron'-o-graph'-i-a; or, Description of Time (John
10:22). The teaching of something important by mentioning the time
of an occurrence.
- Per-i'-stas-is;or, Description of Circumstances
(John 4:6).
- Pro'-ti-me-sis; or, Description of Order
(1Corinthians 15:5-8). The enumeration of things according to their
places of honour or importance.
- CONCLUSIO
- Ep'-i-cri'-sis; or, Judgement (John 12:33). A
short sentence added at the end by way of an additional conclusion.
- Ep-i'-ta-sis; or, Amplification (Exodus 3:19).
Where a concluding sentence is added by way of increasing the
emphasis.
- An'-e-sis; or Abating (2Kings 5:1). The addition
of a concluding sentence which diminishes the effect of what has
been said.
- Ep'-i-pho-ne'-ma; or, Exclamation (Psalm 135:21).
An exclamation at the conclusion of a sentence.
- Pro-ec'-the-sis; or Justification (Matthew 12:12).
A sentence added at the end by way of justification.
- Ep'-i-ther-a-pei'-a; or, Qualification
(Philippians 4:10). A sentence added at the end to heal, soften,
mitigate, or modify what has been before said.
- Exemplum ; or, Example (Luke 17:32). Concluding a
sentence by employing an example.
- Sym'-per-as'-ma; or, Concluding Summary (Matthew
1:17). When what has been said is briefly summed up.
- INTERPOSITIO
- Par-en'-the-sis; or, Parenthesis (2Peter 1:19).
Insertion of a word or sentence, parenthetically, which is necessary
to explain the context.
- Ep'i-tre-chon; or, Running Along (Genesis 15:13.
John 2:9). A sentence, not complete in itself, thrown in as an
explanatory remark. A form of Parenthesis (see below).
- Cat'-a-ploc'-e; or, Sudden Exclamation (Ezekiel
16:23). This name is given to a parenthesis when it takes the form
of a sudden exclamation.
- Par-em'-bol'-e; or, Insertion (Philippians
3:18,19). Inseration of a sentence between others which is
independent and complete in itself.
- In'-ter-jec'-ti-o; or, Interjection (Psalm 42:2).
Parenthetic addition by way of feeling.
- E-jac'-u-la'-ti-o; or, Ejaculation (Hosea 9:14). A
parenthesis which consists of a short wish or prayer.
- Hy-po-ti-me'-sis; or, Under Estimating (Romans
3:5). Parenthetic addition by way of apology or excuse.
- ANAERESIS: or, Detraction.
- RATIOCINATIO
- PARADIEGESIS: or, A Bye-Leading.
- SUSTENTATIO: or, Suspense.
- Par-a-leips-is; or, a Passing By (Hebrews 11:32).
When a wish is expressed to pass by a subject, which is,
notwithstanding, briefly alluded by subsequently.
- PROSLEPSIS: or, Assumption.
- Ap-o'-phas-is; or, Insinuation (Philemon 19.).
When, professing to suppress certain matters, the writer adds the
insinuation negatively.
- CATAPHASIS: or, Affirmation.
- ASTEISMOS: or, Politeness.
- AFFECTING THE MEANING OF WORDS
- ENALLAGE: or, Exchange.
- ANTEMEREIA: or, Exchange of Parts of Speech
- Ant'-i-ptos'-is; or, Exchange of Cases (Exodus 19:6,
compare to 1Peter 2:9). One Case is put for another Case, the
governing Noun being used as the Adjective instead of the Noun
in regimen.
- Het'-er-o'-sis; or, Exchange of Accidence. Exchange
of one voice, mood, tense, person, number, degree, or gender for
another.
- Of forms and voices (1Peter 2:6).
- Of moods (Genesis 20:7. Exodus 20:8).
- Of tenses (Genesis 23:11. Matthew 3:18).
- Of persons (Genesis 29:27. Daniel 2:36).
- Of adjectives (degree) and adverbs (2Timothy 1:18).
- Of nouns (number), adjectives, and pronouns (Genesis 3:8.
Hebrews 7:7).
- Hyp-al'-la-ge; or, Interchange (Genesis 10:9. 1Kings
17:4). A word logically belonging to one connection is grammatically
united with another.
- Met-o'-ny-my; or, Change of Noun When one name or
noun is used instead of another, to which it stands in a certain
relation.
- Of the Cause. When the cause is put for the effect (Genesis
23:8. Luke 16:29).
- Of the Effect. When the effect is put for the cause producing it
(Genesis 25:23. Acts 1:18).
- Of the Subject. When the subject is put for something pertaining
to it (Genesis 41:13. Deutronomy 28:5).
- Of the Adjunct. When something pertaining to the subject is put
for the subject itself (Genesis 28:22. Job 32:7).
- Met'-a-lep'-sis; or, Double Metonymy (Genesis 19:8.
Ecclesiastes 12:6. Hosea 14:2). Two metonymies, one contained in the
other, but only one expressed.
- Syn-ec'-do-che; or, Transfer The exchange of one
idea for another associated idea.
- Of the Genus. When the genus is put for the species, or
universals for particulars (Genesis 6:12. Matthew 3:5).
- Of the Species. When the species is put for the genus, or
particulars for universals (Genesis 3:19. Matthew 6:11).
- Of the Whole. When the whole is put for a part (Genesis 6:12).
- Of the Part. When a part is put for the whole (Genesis 3:19.
Matthew 27:4).
- Hen-di'-a-dys; or, Two for One (Genesis 2:9.
Ephesians 6:18). Two words used, but one thing meant.
- Hen-di'-a-tris; or, Three for One (Daniel 3:7).
Three words used, but one thing meant.
- Cat'-a-chres-is; or, Incongruity One word used for
another, contrary to the ordinary usage and meaning of it.
- Of two words, where the meanings are remotely akin (Leviticus
26:30).
- Of two words, where the meanings are different (Exodus 5:21).
- Of one word, where the Greek receives its real meaning by
permutation from another language (Genesis 1:5. Matthew 8:6).
- Met-al'-la-ge; or, a Changing Over (Hosea 4:18). A
different subject of thought substituted for the original subject.
- Ant'-o-no-ma'-si-a or, Name Change (Genesis 31:21).
The putting of a proper name for a Appellative or common Noun, or the
reverse.
- Eu'-phem-is'-mos; or, Euphemy (Genesis 15:15). Where
a pleasing expression is used for one that is unpleasant.
- APLIATIO: or, Adjournment
- Ant-i'-phras-is; or, Permutation (Genesis 3:22). The
use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its original
signification.
- AFFECTING THE ARRANGEMENT AND ORDER OF
WORDS
- SEPARATE WORDS
- Hyp-er'bat-on; or, Transposition (Romans 5:8). The
placing of a word out of its usual order in a sentence.
- An-a'-stro-phe; or, Arraignment (Acts 7:48). The
position of one word changed, so as to be out of its proper or usaul
place in a sentence.
- Syl-leps'-is(2); or, Change in Concord (John
21:12). A change in the grammatical concord in favour of a logical
concord.
- Tme'-sis; or, Mid-Cut (Ephesians 6:8). A change by
which one word is cut in two, and another word put in between.
- SENTENCES AND PHRASES
- HYSTERON-PROTERON: or, The Last, First.
- Hys'-ter-o-log'-ia; or, The First Last (Genesis 10
and 11. 2Samuel 24). A prior mention of a subsequent event.
- Hys'-ter-e-sis; or, Subsequent Narration (Genesis
31:7, 8. Psalm 105:8). When later record gives supplemental or new
particulars, not inserted in the historical record.
- Sim'-ul-ta'-ne-um; or Insertion (Revelation
16:13-16). A kind of historical parenthesis, an event being put out
of its historical place between two others which are simultaneous.
- Ant-i'-thes-is; or, Contrast (Proverbs 15:17). A
setting of one phrase in contrast with another.
- E-nan-ti-o'-sis; or, Contraries (Luke 7:44-46).
Affirmatation or negation by contraries.
- An'-a-co-lu'-thon; or, Non-Sequence (Genesis 35:3.
Mark 11:32). A breaking off the sequence of thought.
- AFFECTING THE APPLICATION OF WORDS
- AS TO SENSE
- Sim'-i-le; or, Resemblance (Genesis
25:25. Matthew 7:24-27). A declaration that one thing
resembles another. (Compare Metaphor, above.)
- Syn'-cri-sis; or, Repeated Simile (Isaiah 32:2).
Repetition of a number of resemblances.
- Met'-a-phor' or, Representation (Matthew 26:26). A
declaration that one thing is (or represents) another:
while Simile resembles it, and Hypocatastasis
implies it.
- Hy'-po-cat-as'-ta-sis; or, Implication (Matthew
15:13; 16:6). An implied resemblance or representation.
- Al'-le-go-ry; or, Continued Comparison by
Reprensentation (Metaphor) (Genesis 49:9. Galatians
4:22,24), and Implication (Hypocatastasis) (Matthew
7:3-5). Teaching a truth about one thing by substituting another for
it which is unlike it.
- Par-a-bol-a; or, Parable i.e., Continued
Simile (Luke 14:16-24). Comparison by continued resemblance.
- APOLOGUE: or, Fable
- Par-oe'-mi-a; or Proverb (Genesis 10:9. 1Samuel
10:12). A wayside-saying in common use.
- Type (Romans 5:14). A figure or ensample of something
future, and more or less prophetic, called the Anti-type.
- Symbol (Isaiah 22:22). A material object substituted for
a moral, or spiritual truth.
- Æ-nig'-ma; or, Dark Saying (Genesis 49:10. Judges
14:14). A truth expressed in obscure language.
- Po-ly-o-ny'-mi-a; or, Many Names (Genesis
26:34,35. 2Kings 23:13). Persons or places mentioned under different
names.
- Gno'-me; or, Quotation The citation of a
well-known saying without quoting the author's name.
- Where the sense originally intended is preserved, though the
words may vary (Matthew 26:31).
- Where the original sense is modified in the quotation or
reference (Matthew 12:40).
- Where the sense is quite different from that which was first
intended (Matthew 2:15).
- Where the words are from the Hebrew or from the Septuagint
(Luke 4:18).
- Where the words are varied by omission, addition, or
transposition (1Corinthians 2:9).
- Where the words are changed by a reading, or an inference, or
in number, person, mood, or tense. (Matthew 4:7).
- Where two or more citations are amalgamated (Matthew 21:13).
- Where Quotations are from books other than the Bible (Acts
17:28).
- AMPHIBIOLOGIA: or, Double Meaning.
- Ei'-ron-ei-a; or, Irony. The expression of thought
in a form that naturally conveys its opposite.
- Divine Irony. Where the speaker is Divine (Genesis 3:22.
Judges 10:14).
- Human Irony. Where the speaker is a human being ( Job 12:2).
- Peirastic Irony. By way of trying or testing (Genesis 22:2).
- Simulated Irony. Where the words are used by man in
dissimulation (Genesis 37:19. Matthew 27:40).
- Deceptive Irony. Where words are clearly false as well as
hypocritical (Genesis 3:4,5. Matthew 2:8).
- Ant-i'-phras-is; or, Permutation (Genesis 3:22).
The use of a word or phrase in a sense opposite to its original
signification.
PERMUTATIO
- SARCASMOS
- Ox'-y-mor-on; or Wise-Folly (1Timothy 5:6). A wise
saying that seems foolish.
- Id-i-o'-ma; or, Idiom The peculiar usage of words
and phrases, as illustrated in the language peculiar to one nation
or tribe, as opposed to other languages or dialects.
- Idiomatic usage of verbs (Genesis 42:38. 1John 1:10).
- Special idiomatic usages of nouns and verbs (Genesis 33:11.
Jeremiah 15:16).
- Idiomatic degrees of comparison (Luke 22:15).
- Idiomatic use of prepositions (Luke 22:49).
- Idiomatic use of numerals (Psalm 103:2).
- Idsiomatic forms of quotations (Psalm 109:5).
- Idiomatic forms of question (Luke 22:49).
- Idiomatic phrases (Genesis 6:2, 4. Matthew 11:25).
- Idioms arising from other figures of speech (see notes in
margin).
- Chages of usage of words in the Greek language (Genesis 43:18.
Matthew 5:25).
- Changes of usage of words in the English language (Genesis
24:21. 2Kings 3:9).
- AS TO PERSONS
- Pros'-o-po-poe'-i-a; or, Personification Things
represented as persons.
- The members of the human body (Genesis 48:14. Psalm 35:10).
- Animals (Genesis 9:5. Job 12:7).
- The products of the earth (Nahum 1:4).
- Inanimate things (Genesis 4:10).
- Kingdoms, countries, and states (Psalm 45:12).
- Human actions, etc., attributed to things, etc. (Genesis
18:20. Psalm 85:10).
- Ant'-i-pros-o'-po-poe-i-a; or Anti-Personification
(2Samuel 16:9). Persons represented as inanimate things.
- An-throp'-o-path-ei'-a; or, Condescension (Genesis
1:2; 8:21. Psalm 74:11. Jeremiah 2:13. Hosea 11:10). Ascribing to
God what belongs to human and rational beings, irrational creatures,
or inanimate things.
- Ant-i-met-a-the'-sis; or, Dialogue (1Corinthians
7:16). A transference of speakers; as when the reader is addressed
as if actually present.
- Association; or, Inclusion (Acts 17:27). When the
speaker associates himself with those whom he addresses, or of whom
he speaks.
- Ap-o'-stro-phe; or, Apostrophe When the speaker
turns away from the real auditory whom he is addressing to speak to
another, who may be-
- God (Nehemiah 6:9).
- Men (2Samuel 1:24,25).
- Animals (Joel 2:22).
- Inanimate things (Jeremiah 47:6).
- Par-ec'-bas-is; or, Digression (Genesis 2:8-15). A
temporary turning aside from one subject to another.
- AS TO SUBJECT-MATTER
- Met-a'-bas-is; or, Transition (1Corinthians
12:31). A passing from one subject to another.
- Ep'-an-or-tho-sis; or, Correction (John 16:32). A
recalling of what has been said in order to substitute something
stronger in its place.
- Am'-phi-di-or-tho'-sis; or, Double Correction
(1Corinthians 11:22). A correction setting right both hearer and
speaker.
- ATACHORESIS: or, Regression.
- AS TO TIME
- Pro-lep's-is, (Ampliatio); or, Anticipation
(Hebrews 2:8). Anticipating what is going to be, and speaking of
future things as present.
- AS TO FEELING
- Path'-o-poe'-i-a; or, Pathos (Luke 19:41,42). The
expression of feeling or emotion.
- ATEISMOS: or, Urbanity.
- An'-a-mne'-sis; or, Recalling (Romans 9:3). An
expression of feeling by way of recalling to mind.
- Ben'-e-dic'-ti-o; or, Blessing (Genesis 1:22,28.
Matthew 5:3-11). An expression of feeling by way of benediction or
blessing.
- Eu'-che; or, Prayer (Isaih 64:1,2). An expression
of feeling by way of prayer,curse, or imprecation.
- Par'-ae-net'-ic-on; or, Exhortation (1Timothy 2).
An expression of feeling by way of exhortation.
- Oe'-on-is'-mos; or, Wishing (Psalm 55:6). An
expression of feeling by way of wishing or hoping for a thing.
- Thau-mas'-mos; or, Wondering (Romans 11:33). An
expression of feeling by way of wonder.
- Pae-sn'-si'-mos; or, Exultation (Zephaniah 3:14).
Calling on others to rejioce over something.
- As'-ter-is'-mos; or, Indicating (Psalm 133:1).
Employing some word which directs special attention to some
paticular point or subject.
- Ec'-pho-ne'-sis; or, Exclamation (Romans 7:24). An
outburst of words, prompted by emotion.
- A-po'-ria; or, Doubt (Luke 16:3). An expression of
feeling by way of doubt.
- Ep'-i-ti-me'-sis; or, Reprimand (Luke 24:25). An
expression of feeling by way of censure, reproof, or reproach.
- El-eu'-ther-i'-a; or, Candour (Luke 13:32). The
speaker, without intending offence, speaks with perfect freedom and
boldness.
- Ag'-an-ac-te'-sis; or Indignation (Genesis 3:13.
Acts 13:10). An expression of feeling by way of indignation.
- APOSIOXIS: or, Detestation.
- Dep-re-ca'-ti-o; or, Deprecation (Exodus 32:32).
An expression of feeling by the way of deprecation.
- Di'-a-syrm-os; or, Raillery (Matthew 26:50).
Tearing away disguise, and showing up a matter as it really is.
- CATAPLEXIS: or, Menace.
- Ex'-ou-then-is'-mos; or, Contempt (2Samuel 6:20).
An expression of feeling by way of contempt.
- Mal'-e-dic'-ti-o; or, Imprecation (Isaiah 3:11).
Expression of feeling by way of malediction and execration.
- De'-i-sis; or, Adjuration (Deuteronomy 4:26). An
expression of feeling by oath or asseveration.
- Chleu-as'-mos; or, Mocking (Psalm 2:4). An
expression of feeling by mocking and jeering.
- AS TO ARGUMENTATION
- Er'-o-te-sis; or, Interrogating (Genesis 13:9.
Psalm 35:10). The asking of questions, not for information, or for
an answer. Such questions may be asked (1) in positive affirmation,
(2) in negative affirmation, (3) in afffirmative negation, (4) in
demonstration, (5) in wonder and admiration, (6) in rapture, (7) in
wishes, (8) in refusals and denials, (9) in doubts, (10) in
admonition, (11), in expostulation, (12) in prohibition or
dissuasion, (13) in pity and commiseration, (14) in disparagement,
(15) in reproaches, (16) in lamentation, (17) in indignation, (18)
in absurdities and impossibilities, (19) double questions.
- Di'-a-log-is-mos; or, Dialogue (Isaiah 63:1-6).
When one or more persons are represented as speaking about a thing,
instead of saying it oneself.
- DIANOEA: or, an Animated Dialogue.
- Affirmatio; or, Affirmation (Philppians 1:18).
Emphasising words to affirm what no one has disputed.
- Neg-a'-ti-o; or, Negattion (Galatians 2:5). A
denial of that which has not been affirmed.
- Ac-cis'-mus ; or, Apparent Refusal (Matthew
15:22-26). So named because it is an apparent or assumed refusal.
- Æ'-ti-o-log'-ia; or Cause Shown (Romans 1:16).
Rendering a reason for what is said or done.
- Ant-eis'-a-go-ge; or, Counter Question (Matthew
21:23-25). The answering of one quetion by asking another.
- ANISTROPHE: or Retort.
- Ant-i-cat'-e-gor'-ia; or, Tu Quoque (Ezekiel
18:25). Retorting upon another the very insinuation or accusation he
has made against us.
- Met-a-sta-sis; or, Counter-Blame (1Kings
18:17,18). A transferring of the blame from one's self to another.
- An'-a-coe-no-sis; or, Common Cause (1Corithians
4:21). An appeal to others as having interests in common.
- Syn'-cho-re'-sis; or, Concession (Habakkuk 1:13).
Making a concession of one point in order to gain another.
- Ep-i'-trop-e; or, Admission (Ecclesiastes 11:9).
Admission of wrong, in order to gain what is right.
- PAROMOLOGIA: or, Confession.
- Pro'-ther-a-pei'-a; or, Conciliation (Matthew
19:16). Conciliating others, by way of precaution, because of
something we are about to say.
- PRODIORTHOSIS: or, Warning.
- Pal'-in-od'-i-a; or, Retracting (Revelation 2:6).
Approval of one thing after reproving for another thing.
- Pro-lep's-is, (Occupatio); or,
Anticipation. Answering an argument by anticipating it before
it is used.
- Open. When the anticipated objection is both answered and
stated (Matthew 3:9).
- Closed. When the anticipated objection is either not plainly
stated or not answered (Romans 10:18).
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